Hydrogeochemical characterization and ecological risk screening of heavy metals in the Bagmati River, Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Key Points

• This study aims to characterize the hydrogeochemical properties of the Bagmati River and assess the ecological risks posed by heavy metals.
• Analyzed water samples from Bagmati River during the dry season.
• Measured physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations using flame atomic absorption spectrometer.
• Identified potential sources of heavy metals and evaluated associated ecological risks.
• Identified elevated levels of heavy metals indicating significant ecological risk.
• Concentrations of heavy metals exceeded safe limits, impacting local water quality.
• Potential sources of pollution linked to urban runoff and industrial discharge.