In recent years, thyroid nodule diagnosis and classification have been updated by two major developments: the fifth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Tumors classification 2022), which includes thyroid neoplasms, and the third edition of The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) (2023). Importantly, these classification systems converge in terminology, improving clinicopathologic correlation between fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and surgical pathology and supporting more consistent risk-based management. In parallel, molecular testing has assumed a growing role, particularly for indeterminate FNA categories, as reflected in contemporary practice recommendations. Moreover, the 2025 American Thyroid Association guidelines recalibrate postoperative risk stratification in differentiated thyroid cancer by reasserting histopathology as the cornerstone of clinical decision-making. In this review, we summarize key updates in thyroid FNAC reporting, histopathologic classification, and the practical application of molecular pathology for the evaluation and management of thyroid nodules.
Ribeiro et al. (Mon,) studied this question.