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The acoustic nonlinearity of an orifice in a plate has been investigated by measuring simultaneously the oscillatory flow velocity in the orifice and the acoustic-pressure fluctuations producing the flow. The relation between the pressure and velocity amplitudes, which is linear at sufficiently low pressures, is found to approach a square-law relation at large velocity amplitudes. By evaluating the phase relationship between the fundamental harmonic components of pressure and velocity, the acoustic-orifice impedance is determined. In the square-law region of the pressure/velocity relation, the resistive component of the orifice impedance dominates and is proportional to the velocity amplitude. This method of measurement, which is particularly useful at high amplitudes, is supplemented by measurements of sound transmission and frequency response of the orifice plate so that an impedance curve can be constructed over an extended range of amplitudes. An analogous program of measurements has been carried out to study the influence of a superimposed steady flow on the acoustic-orifice impedance. Finally, as an application of the results obtained, the absorption characteristics of resonator absorbers for high-intensity sound are discussed.
Ingård et al. (Sat,) studied this question.