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This article examines the phenomenon of money‐laundering as a form of criminal money‐management. It elaborates some of the pitfalls of the official approach as set out by the Financial Action Task Force report and the lost opportunities concerning understanding of the cross‐border money‐flows in north‐western Europe. It describes the relationship between crime‐money and the upperworld, questions the magnitude of the supposed financial infiltration and gives an example of a positive use of criminal funds. The final section discusses the role of the financial investigator.
Petrus C. van Duyne (Sun,) studied this question.