Reducing perinatal and maternal mortality in the world: the major challenges

Effective reduction of perinatal and maternal mortality remains a major global challenge. The main causes of neonatal deaths are asphyxia, birth trauma, infection, prematurity, and malformation. However, there are several simple and noncostly measures that can avoid these problems. These are: 1) syphilis screening programs; 2) tetanus toxoid vaccination; 3) immunizing women twice during their pregnancy; 4) nutritional supplementation; and 5) prevention and treatment of severe anemia. Yet, the most important intervention that is both relatively simple and cost-effective can be implemented during pregnancy. On the other hand, reducing maternal mortality poses as a much bigger challenge. The primary concern in preventing mortality lies in avoiding pregnancy, evading the complications during pregnancy, or by controlling the complications if ever they arise. Furthermore, the WHO stated that the presence of a skilled attendant at birth is one of the most effective interventions in reducing maternal mortality. In general, perinatal and maternal mortality reduction requires long-term efforts and strengthening of the health care systems.