Magnetic Braking of Accreting T Tauri Stars: Effects of Mass Accretion Rate, Rotation, and Dipolar Field Strength

Abstract The rotational evolution of an accreting pre-main-sequence star is influenced by its magnetic interaction with its surrounding circumstellar disk. Using the PLUTO code, we perform 2.5D magnetohydrodynamic, axisymmetric, time-dependent simulations of star–disk interaction—with an initial dipolar magnetic field structure, and a viscous and resistive accretion disk—in order to model the three mechanisms that contribute to the net stellar torque: accretion flow, stellar wind, and magnetospheric ejections (periodic inflation and reconnection events). We investigate how changes in the stellar magnetic field strength, rotation rate, and mass accretion rate (changing the initial disk density) affect the net stellar torque. All simulations are in a net spin-up regime. We fit semi-analytic functions for the three stellar torque contributions, allowing for the prediction of the net stellar torque for our parameter regime, as well as the possibility of investigating spin evolution using 1D stellar evolution codes. The presence of an accretion disk appears to increase the efficiency of stellar torques compared to isolated stars, for cases with outflow rates much smaller than accretion rates, because the star–disk interaction opens more of the stellar magnetic flux compared to that from isolated stars. In our parameter regime, a stellar wind with a mass-loss rate of ≈1% of the mass accretion rate is capable of extracting ≲50% of the accreting angular momentum. These simulations suggest that achieving spin equilibrium in a representative T Tauri case within our parameter regime, e.g., BP Tau, would require a wind mass-loss rate of ≈25% of the mass accretion rate.