HRMARS - Online financial scam victimisation in Malaysia persists despite stronger enforcement, expanded regulatory frameworks and growing public awareness. Individuals with financial knowledge, digital competence and prior scam awareness continue to authorise fraudulent transfers, demonstrating that knowledge-gap explanations alone are inadequate. Drawing on Protection Motivation Theory, this study explores the cognitive and behavioural processes through which victimisation unfolds. An interpretivist qualitative design incorporated in-depth interviews with fifteen scam victims and fourteen Commercial Crime Investigation Department officers, supplemented by thirty publicly available police case reports. Thematic analysis identified three sequential stages. Threat appraisal was disrupted by reward salience, social validation and situational financial pressure. Coping appraisal was suppressed through emotional overload, authority impersonation and convenience framing. Post-victimisation experience produced either adaptive vigilance or excessive trust withdrawal. Together, these stages show that Protection Motivation Theory can explain scam victimisation as a time-based process rather than as a static predictor model, revealing that its constructs shift dynamically across the scam encounter. This explains why knowledge and competence alone do not guarantee protection. The findings advance scam victimisation research and offer practical insights for Malaysian financial regulation, consumer protection and behavioural intervention design, consumer protection policy and behavioural intervention systems that target the moment protective judgement breaks down.
Basir et al. (Sat,) studied this question.