Development of efficient and robust endotoxin removal approaches is vital for safeguarding the safety and functional performance of bacteriophage formulations and recombinant protein bioproducts. Here, a stacked gel-casting strategy combined with carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) reinforcement was employed to construct a mechanically robust PMB-functionalized cryogel. The synergistic effects of the stacked architecture and CMCS reinforcement significantly enhanced pore-wall stability and functional site accessibility, resulting in a high endotoxin adsorption capacity (1.88 × 106 EU/g) and excellent reusability (>90.30% removal efficiency after six cycles). The cryogel also demonstrated effective endotoxin removal in complex biological samples, achieving >99.00% removal in bacteriophage preparations with improved phage recovery and >99.99% clearance in recombinant protein solutions. These results highlight a promising strategy for endotoxin control in phage-based applications and biopharmaceutical purification.
Liu et al. (Thu,) studied this question.