What question did this study set out to answer?

This research aims to explore the applicability of quantum theory in modeling social attitudes using ESS9 data.

June 5, 20260 citationsOpen Access

Empirical Testing of Quantum-Like Contextuality in Mass Consciousness Structures: Analysis of ESS9 Data

DTDmitry TimofeevIndependent University of Moscow

Key Points

This research aims to explore the applicability of quantum theory in modeling social attitudes using ESS9 data.
Empirical analysis utilizing ESS9 data from 29 countries.
Testing Bell inequality based on the CHSH modification to identify non-classical correlations.
Conducting a critical evaluation of Classical Test Theory through MTMM models.
Political attitudes fall within the classical limit with |S| ≤ 2.
Significant violation of classical MTMM validity criteria observed across all countries surveyed.

Abstract

This article presents a comprehensive empirical test of the applicability of quantum theory apparatus for modelling social attitudes based on data from the 9th round of the European Social Survey (ESS9 MTMM). The work implements a dual analytical design: (1) testing the Bell inequality in the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) modification to detect non-classical contextual correlations, and (2) a critical analysis of Classical Test Theory (CTT) through the lens of MTMM models. The results demonstrate that the system of political attitudes remains within the classical limit (|S| ≤ 2). A key finding is the pervasive violation of classical MTMM validity criteria across all 29 participating countries.

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