Canonical Adiabatic Free Energy Sampling (CAFES):  A Novel Method for the Exploration of Free Energy Surfaces

We present a novel method, canonical adiabatic free energy sampling (CAFES) that allows for the efficient exploration of the free energy surface of a subsystem (S) embedded in an environment (E) using molecular dynamics simulations. The dynamics of S is decoupled from the environment by introducing fictitious masses that ensure that S evolves slowly and adiabatically on the potential of mean force generated by E. In addition, the decoupling enables the use of different temperatures for the two parts of the system without introducing an irreversible heat flow. Using a higher temperature for the subsystem, a high efficiency for the sampling of rare events on the physical free energy surface is obtained. The performance of this approach is demonstrated with a conformational analysis of a Gly-Ala dipeptide in aqueous solution. Rare conformational transitions, which naturally occur on a millisecond time scale, are observed within a few nanoseconds of a classical molecular dynamics simulation. The same method has also been applied in a hybrid Car-Parrinello/classical molecular dynamics investigation of the proton-catalyzed conversion of 2-bromoethanol to dibromoethane in water. Using CAFES, the anchimeric assistance of the bromine atom and the occurrence of a bromonium ion intermediate, a process which involves a barrier of ca. 23 kcal/mol, is observed spontaneously on the subnanosecond time scale.