From tradition to therapy: novel clove formulations in periodontal therapy

Abstract Background Microbial infection and inflammatory reactions play important roles in the inflammation and degeneration of tooth-supporting structures that characterize periodontal diseases. Clove ( Syzygium aromaticum ) is a promising option for periodontal therapy because it contains bioactive compounds, particularly eugenol, which has been shown to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic qualities. Objective To give a summary of new clove formulations and their therapeutic potential for the targeted treatment of periodontal diseases. Methods Carbopol and polymer-based matrices have been used to develop a number of innovative drug delivery systems, including dental gels and biodegradable films containing clove oil or extracts. The physicochemical characteristics, controlled release profiles, anti-inflammatory effects, and antimicrobial efficacy against periodontal pathogens of these formulations were assessed. Results Clove-based formulations show favourable physicochemical stability and patient acceptability, reduce inflammatory markers (COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6), and show significant antimicrobial activity against important periodontal pathogens (e.g., Porphyromonas gingivalis , Prevotella intermedia ). Gels and films are examples of novel delivery forms that offer localized, sustained release, enhancing therapeutic results and reducing systemic side effects. Conclusion Through innovative formulations that provide targeted delivery, antimicrobial action, and anti-inflammatory benefits, clove and its derivatives demonstrate strong potential as adjunct therapeutic agents in the management of periodontal disease. To create the best formulations and dosage schedules for periodontal therapy, more clinical research is necessary. Clinical trial number Not applicable.