Private higher education has become an increasingly important component of Vietnam’s higher education system, contributing to expanded access, institutional diversification, and workforce development. This study presents a structured literature review of the historical development, policy environment, current status, and future directions of private higher education in Vietnam. Drawing on scholarly publications, policy documents, and reports published between 1990 and 2024, the review synthesizes evidence using a thematic analytical framework. The findings suggest that private higher education has expanded significantly in response to higher education massification, policy reforms, and labor market demands. The sector has diversified academic programs and increased educational opportunities, but continues to face challenges related to governance, quality assurance, financial sustainability, and institutional reputation. The review highlights the importance of policy support, institutional capacity building, and internationalization in enhancing the long-term sustainability and competitiveness of the sector. By integrating historical, policy, and institutional perspectives, this study provides a comprehensive overview of the evolving role of private higher education in Vietnam and offers implications for future policy and practice.
Thanh-Thao Thi Phan (Sat,) studied this question.