This paper presents a comprehensive design, simulation, and techno-economic analysis of a wind–solar hybrid on-grid system sized for a typical three-bedroom (3-BHK) domestic dwelling. The system comprises a 4 kWp monocrystalline PV array (16 × 250 Wp, 4S×4P, 28° tilt) and a 2 kW horizontal-axis wind turbine with a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), connected to the utility grid via a SPWM inverter under net-metering regulations. A 22-year (2000–2022) meteorological resource assessment using NASA POWER and MERRA-2 datasets establishes an annual mean GHI of 5.22 kWh/m²/day and mean wind speed of 5.8 m/s at 80 m hub height (Weibull k = 2.05, c = 6.55 m/s). Component-level mathematical modelling and MATLAB/Simulink R2023b dynamic simulation yield an annual hybrid generation of 9,500 kWh/year (5,820 kWh solar + 3,680 kWh wind), achieving a Renewable Energy Fraction of 93.2% for an annual domestic load of 6,716 kWh. Power quality analysis confirms full regulatory compliance: output current THD of 2.4% (IEEE 519 limit: 5%), power factor 0.993–0.998, and anti-islanding trip time of 1.78 s (IS 16169 limit: 2 s). Seasonal disaggregation reveals pronounced wind–solar complementarity, with monsoon wind generation compensating for cloud-induced PV reductions, reducing monthly generation variability by 34% compared to a solar-only system. Techno-economic optimisation using HOMER Pro 3.14 with March 2025 market prices yields an LCOE of ₹3.52/kWh (45.8% below the prevailing domestic tariff), simple payback of 6.4 years, IRR of 15.8%, and NPV of ₹22.68 lakhs over 25 years. The system avoids 7.51 tonnes CO₂/year with a lifecycle carbon payback of 1.8 years.
Singh et al. (Mon,) studied this question.