Diastolic mitral annular velocityduring the development of heart failure

OBJECTIVES: We sought to investigate the mechanism of reduced diastolic mitral annular velocity with diastolic dysfunction, despite elevated left atrial (LA) pressure. BACKGROUND: The peak rate of left ventricular (LV) early diastolic filling (E) and velocity of the mitral annulus due to long-axis lengthening (E(M)) are reduced in mild diastolic dysfunction. With more severe dysfunction, E increases in response to increased LA pressures. In contrast, E(M) decreases, despite increased LA pressure. METHODS: We studied eight dogs instrumented to measure LA pressure, LV pressure, and internal dimensions during the progressive development of heart failure (HF) produced by rapid pacing. RESULTS: Early diastolic filling decreased after four days of pacing from 114 +/- 32 to 88 +/- 22 ml/s (p < 0.05), but with more severe HF, it progressively increased to 155 +/- 32 ml/s (p < 0.05). In contrast, E(M) progressively decreased from 44 +/- 12 mm/s during the control period to 24 +/- 8 mm/s after four weeks (p < 0.05). Although E(M) was related to the time constant of LV relaxation (tau) (R(2) = 0.85), E was not. The latter occurred coincident with termination of the early diastolic LA to LV pressure gradient during all conditions. In contrast, with increasing HF, E(M) was progressively delayed after LA to LV pressure crossover by 37 +/- 12 ms (p < 0.05). The time from E to E(M) was related to tau (R(2) = 0.97). CONCLUSIONS: With slowed relaxation during the development of HF, E(M) is reduced and delayed so that it occurs after early, rapid filling. Thus, with slowed relaxation, E(M) does not respond to the early diastolic LA to LV pressure gradient, because it occurs when LV pressure is greater than or equal to LA pressure.