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Mining has been a critical driver of global industrialisation for a long time. Yet, increasing demand and challenges, such as deeper deposits, more complex ores, and stricter regulations, require advanced technologies for more efficiency, safety, and sustainability in mining operations. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent digital technologies that are reshaping the mining value chain, from exploration to processing. Drawing on peer-reviewed research, this study classifies and analyses the applications of Industry 4.0 tools, such as IoT, artificial intelligence, big data, robotics, and digital twins across each stage of mining operations. The findings show that these technologies have improved efficiency, safety, and environmental performance, while also highlighting the key barriers of their application, such as data fragmentation, social inclusion, and infrastructure limitations. The paper concludes finally that digital transformation is very important to achieve intelligent and sustainable mining, but at the same time requires stronger integration between innovation, environmental responsibility, and social acceptance.
Maftouh et al. (Mon,) studied this question.