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This research aims to explore the performance of magnetoelectric composites using aerosol deposition for energy harvesting applications.

February 26, 2026Open Access

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Room-Temperature Fabricated Magnetoelectric Heterostructures for Energy Harvesting with Aerosol-Deposited Barium Titanate Films on Iron–Cobalt/Nickel Substrates

Key Points

This research aims to explore the performance of magnetoelectric composites using aerosol deposition for energy harvesting applications.
Manufactured magnetoelectric composites using aerosol deposition at room temperature.
Applied barium titanate films to iron-cobalt and nickel substrates for energy generation.
Measured voltage output and stored energy when exposed to an alternating magnetic field.
Utilized finite element analysis for comparing theoretical and experimental results.
Achieved a maximum harvested energy of 193 nJ under alternating magnetic fields.
Obtained a peak magnetoelectric voltage coefficient of 4.5 V·cm −1 ·Oe −1 experimentally.
The optimal length of the piezoelectric film was determined to be two-thirds of the substrate.

Abstract

As digital transformation continues to evolve, demand for battery-free sensors is rising. This study examines the manufacturing and energy-harvesting performance of magnetoelectric (ME) composites that combine piezoelectric and magnetostrictive materials using the aerosol deposition (AD) method, which enables room-temperature film fabrication. A barium titanate piezoelectric film was applied to a magnetostrictive clad plate of iron–cobalt (Fe–Co) and nickel (Ni). The composite, exposed to an alternating magnetic field, vibrated via magnetostrition. Voltage output and stored energy were measured to assess energy-harvesting capacity. Theoretical equations were derived for the optimal piezoelectric-film length and the corresponding harvested energy. Finite element analysis compared theoretical, numerical, and experimental results. The AD process preserved the magnetostrictive properties of the clad substrate while allowing coupled piezoelectric and magnetostrictive responses. The maximum harvested energy reached 193 nJ. Mechanical deformation of the piezoelectric film under alternating magnetic excitation generated an alternating voltage, confirming magnetic-to-electric energy conversion. The highest magnetoelectric voltage coefficient was 4.5 V·cm −1 ·Oe −1 (μV·m −1 ·T −1 ). Theory indicated that maximum power is obtained when the piezoelectric film covers two-thirds of the substrate length, a result supported by simulation and experiment. These findings demonstrate the practicality of AD-fabricated ME composites for compact, self-powered sensors in next-generation intelligent systems. • AD enabled room-temperature fabrication of magnetoelectric composites • BTO films on Fe-Co/Ni substrates preserved magnetostrictive properties • Maximum harvested energy of 193 nJ under alternating magnetic fields • Peak ME voltage coefficient of 4.5 V/cm·Oe achieved experimentally • Optimal piezoelectric film length is two-thirds of substrate length

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Cite This Study

Maruyama et al. (Sun,) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/699fe37b95ddcd3a253e75ad https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2026.117640

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