Towards identifiability of micro total effects in summary causal graphs with latent confounding: extension of the front-door criterion

Key Points

• Identifiability of micro total effects improves in causal graphs with new theoretical extensions.
• The analysis shows the conditions under which latent confounding affects these micro total effects.
• By extending the front-door criterion, the framework addresses complex confounding variables effectively.
• These findings may empower researchers to draw more accurate causal inferences in various studies.