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March 3, 2026
Images are not and should not ever be type specimens: a rebuttal to Garraffoni & Freitas
MM
Maria E. McNamara
University College Cork
SA
S. T. Ahyong
CB
Christopher B. Boyko
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Key Points
Type specimens should consist of physical objects rather than images alone, preserving morphological integrity.
Evidence is presented to emphasize that using images can lead to misidentification and inaccurate taxonomy.
The analysis critiques previous arguments, reinforcing the necessity of tangible specimens for accurate species identification.
This discourse calls for maintaining traditional practices in taxonomy, ensuring its resolve against modern conveniences.
Abstract
Peer reviewed
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McNamara et al. (Sun,) studied this question.
synapsesocial.com/papers/69a766d0badf0bb9e87de8a8
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Images are not and should not ever be type specimens: a rebuttal to Garraffoni & Freitas | Synapse