Towards a restorative design framework: Integrating environmental sensitivity and heritage context in spa settlements

This paper proposes a restorative design framework for spa settlements by integrating environmental sensitivity, heritage context, and multisensory experience. Building on an interdisciplinary state-of-the-art review and the pedagogical platform of the SPATTERN project at the University of Belgrade - Faculty of Architecture, the study examines six design proposals developed across three master-level studios: Multisensory Architecture, Heritage Reprogramming, and Hybrid Naturalities. The research employs a dual methodological structure: (1) Design Stream 1, which generates three thematic restorative proposals for Radaljska Banja, Banja Koviljača, and Vranjska Banja; and (2) Design Stream 2, which applies three disciplinary approaches to a single case study - Niška Banja. Cross-case comparison reveals recurring restorative mechanisms (linear experiential routes, heritage reactivation sequences, and eco-hydrological integrations) while also highlighting how different disciplinary lenses generate distinct trajectories of restoration. Three overarching restorative scenarios emerge: sensory-atmospheric restoration, heritage continuity and adaptive memory, and eco-cultural regeneration. The findings demonstrate that spa settlements possess unique spatial, ecological, and cultural conditions that can be strategically leveraged through restorative design.