Analytical formula predicts charged fermion masses from vacuum condensate in a theoretical framework, suggesting a novel approach to mass generation.
We present an analytical formula that predicts all nine charged fermion masses from the Poisson ratio nu = 0.4555 of the vacuum condensate established in the companion paper (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19143779). The first-generation masses are given by m_f = v/(sqrt(2) R^F_f), where R = kappa/mu = 2(1+nu)/[3(1-2nu)] = 10.903 is the bulk-to-shear modulus ratio and the exponents F_f are constructed entirely from Casimir operators of SU(3) and SU(4) and the Poisson ratio itself. Higher generations follow from m_n = m_1 x R^[alpha_s (n-1)^gamma], where alpha_s and gamma depend on weak isospin T_3, hypercharge Y, and the color Casimir C_F -- with each coefficient matching a known group-theoretic or geometric constant to better than 0.7%. The electron mass is predicted to 0.3%; all first-generation masses agree within 3.2%. At leading order, all nine masses are reproduced within 28%; next-to-leading-order corrections with simple-fraction coefficients bring all second- and third-generation predictions within 0.5% of PDG values. The formula contains zero free parameters beyond the two condensate constants nu and v = 246 GeV already fixed in Paper I.
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Luqman Omar Mahmood (2026) studied this question.
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