The high demand for domestic workers, especially women, in developed and Middle Eastern countries and the abundant labor supply in developing countries have spurred labor migration among them.This demand-supply relation and the migration policies of sending and receiving countries have sustained continued flows of migration.Many individuals migrate more than once, which constitutes circular migration.The factors explaining circular migration should be assessed not only at the macro level but also at the micro level because from the policy perspective, it is important to understand migration decisions.This paper examines the situation and determinants of female labor circular migration from Indonesia, one of the major sources of female domestic workers.This study analyzes the characteristics of circular migration, focusing on the migrants human capital, migration experience, and remittance behavior and on an institutional aspect, namely, the role of local middlemen in migration.Using survey data on female return migrants who departed from Indramayu Regency from 1994 to 2012, we find that a circular migrant tends to be a return migrant who has a low level of education, is a Middle East returnee, and was supported by a middleman to arrange the first migration.
Titan Listiani (Mon,) studied this question.