Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
For educators and policymakers, these findings underscore that the Angoff method is not a single technique but a flexible family of approaches with distinct outcomes. The choice of variants allows for the deliberate setting of more lenient or stringent standards, with Modified Angoff incorporating a reality check offering the most reliable and defensible results. This flexibility is a key strength but also a critical limitation, as an uninformed choice can lead to unintended pass rates. Therefore, selecting a specific Angoff variant must be a conscious decision aligned with the assessment's purpose and context.
Sridharan et al. (Mon,) studied this question.