Health advocacy training in undergraduate medical education over 20 years: A scoping review

Advocacy education has advanced in visibility but remains conceptually under-specified, structurally fragmented, and weakly evaluated. By integrating complementary frameworks, this review identifies where breakdowns occur at the levels of meaning, design, and enactment. Educators should embed advocacy longitudinally, integrate community co-creation, and use assessment approaches that measure behavioural change and social impact. These findings are synthesised into five evidence-informed design principles presented as practice points to guide advocacy curriculum development and evaluation.