Short Abstract This study proposes a fundamental redesign of evaluation structures by structurally separating judgment from outcome in decision-making. Conventional evaluation systems predominantly rely on ex post outcomes, thereby introducing systematic distortions such as survivorship bias and hindsight bias. These distortions do not arise merely from cognitive limitations but are inherent to the evaluation structure itself, which retroactively incorporates uncontrollable factors into judgment assessment. Building upon the concept of bounded rationality, this study introduces the notion of bounded efficiency, defining the upper limit of achievable efficiency under real-world constraints. Furthermore, it develops the concept of the attainable outcome set, which represents the range of outcomes determined at the time of decision-making and within which chance operates. The proposed framework establishes judgment-time evaluation as its core principle, restricting evaluation to the information, constraints, and alternatives available at the moment of decision-making. Outcomes are excluded from evaluation and repositioned exclusively as inputs for learning. In addition, a time-axis evaluation model is introduced, conceptualizing decision quality as the temporal accumulation of judgment quality, thereby enabling a clear distinction between short-term success and long-term soundness. To demonstrate the generality and applicability of the framework, this study incorporates a series of structural case models spanning multiple domains, including organizational decision-making, traffic systems, medical practice, public policy, and investment. These cases illustrate that adverse outcomes, while undesirable, remain within the attainable outcome set and therefore do not necessarily indicate flawed judgment. By structurally separating evaluation from learning, the proposed framework eliminates the influence of chance in decision evaluation, enhances reproducibility, and strengthens societal learning capacity. This study positions the redesign of evaluation structures as a paradigm shift in decision evaluation theory and as a foundational approach for institutional design across diverse domains. https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1530-4234 Japanese Abstract ę¬ē ē©¶ćÆćęęę±ŗå®ć«ććććå¤ęććØćēµęććę§é ēć«åé¢ććććØć«ćććč©ä¾”ę§é ć®ę ¹ę¬ēåčØčØćęę”ćććć®ć§ćććå¾ę„ć®č©ä¾”ćÆēµęć«ä¾åćć¦ćććēåč ćć¤ć¢ć¹ćēµęč«ćØćć£ćęŖćæćäøåÆéæēć«å å ćć¦ćććććććÆåäŗŗć®čŖē„ēåé”ć§ćÆćŖććēµęćč©ä¾”対豔ćØććę§é ćć®ćć®ć«čµ·å ććć ę¬ē ē©¶ćÆćéå®åēę§ćåŗē¤ćØćććć®å¶ē“äøć«ćććå¹ēć®äøéę¦åæµćØćć¦ćéå®å¹ēę§ććå°å „ćććććć«ćå¤ęęē¹ć«ććć¦č¦å®ććććå°éåÆč½ēµęéåćć®ę¦åæµćę示ććå¶ē¶ę§ćÆćć®éåć®å éØć§ć®ćæä½ēØććććØćę確åććć ęę”ććč©ä¾”ę ēµćæć§ćÆććå¤ęęē¹č©ä¾”ććåŗę¬åēćØććč©ä¾”対豔ćå¤ęęē¹ć®ę å ±ć»å¶ē“ć»éøęč¢ć«éå®ćććēµęćÆč©ä¾”ććęé¤ćććå¦ēæć®ććć®ę å ±ćØćć¦ć®ćæä½ē½®ć„ćććććć¾ććęęę±ŗå®ć®č©ä¾”ćå¤ęåč³Ŗć®ęéē©åćØćć¦ęććęé軸č©ä¾”ć¢ćć«ćå°å „ććēęēęåćØé·ęēå„å Øę§ć®åé¢ćåÆč½ćØććć ććć«ę¬ē ē©¶ć§ćÆćēµå¶ćäŗ¤éćå»ēćęæēćęč³ćØćć£ćč¤ę°é åć«ćććę§é ēć±ć¼ć¹ć¢ćć«(ä»é²AćE)ćę示ććę¬č©ä¾”ę ēµćæć®ę±ēØę§ćØå¦„å½ę§ć示ćććććć®äŗä¾ćÆćęć¾ćććŖćēµęć§ćć£ć¦ćå°éåÆč½ēµęéåć®å éØć«å«ć¾ććéććå¤ęć®čŖ¤ććęå³ććŖćććØćęććć«ććć ę¬ę ēµćæć«ćććč©ä¾”ćØå¦ēæćÆę§é ēć«åé¢ćććęęę±ŗå®č©ä¾”ć«ćććå¶ē¶ę§ć®å½±éæćÆęé¤ćććććć®ēµęćåē¾ę§ć®é«ćęęę±ŗå®ćØē¤¾ä¼ēå¦ēæč½åć®åäøćåÆč½ćØćŖććę¬ē ē©¶ćÆćęęę±ŗå®č©ä¾”ć«ććććć©ćć¤ć 転ęćę示ćććØćØćć«ćå¤ę§ćŖå¶åŗ¦čØčØć®åŗē¤ēč«ćØćŖćććØćē®ęćć
Takafumi Matsuoka (Tue,) studied this question.