Ubiquitous Verification in Centralized Ledger Database

Verifiability is the backbone of most ledger systems to realize credible authentication. However, existing permissioned blockchains and centralized ledger databases lack rigorous verifiability to authenticate all facts (i.e., what-when-who validation). Besides, they suffer from high verification cost to a continually growing immutable storage. In this paper, we introduce verification principles behind LedgerDB, a centralized ledger database that achieves both strong external auditability and fast verification. We coin a novel concept called Dasein Verification that composes of three validation factors what-when-who to formalize ledger auditing. Regarding what, LedgerDB devises fam (fractal accumulating model) to accelerate existence verification, and CM-Tree for efficient lineage verification. Veri-fiable data mutations are also supported. For when, we discuss attacks on existing time pegging protocols that compromise the authenticity of timestamps, and propose a time notary protocol to resolve those threats. Evaluations show that fam and CM- Tree significantly outperform traditional approaches. Compared to Hyperledger Fabric, LedgerDB achieves 23x higher verification throughput with 500 x lower latency in notarization applications, and 3 x higher throughput with 300 x lower latency in lineage tracking applications. As a public-cloud ledger service, the end-to-end verification latencies of LedgerDB are on average 50 x and 1000x lower than that of QLDB in the above applications, respectively.