Intangible Assets: Computers and Organizational Capital

In developed economies, production requires not only such traditional factors as capital and labor but also skills, organizational structures and processes, culture, and other factors collectively referred to as “intangible assets. ” Detailed investigation of some of these types of assets has found that they are often large in magnitude and have important productivity benefits. For example, Dale Jorgenson and Barbara Fraumeni found that the stock of human capital in the U.S. economy dwarfs that of physical capital and has grown over time.1 Bronwyn Hall, Zvi Griliches, and Baruch Lev and Theodore Sougiannis found evidence that research and development (RD) assets bring benefits in the form of positive mar-ginal product and market valuation.2 Timothy Bresnahan, Brynjolfsson, and Hitt have found that certain organizational practices, when combined with investments in information technology (IT), were associated with significant increases in productivity in the late 1980s and early 1990s.3 Investors also attempt to incorporate intangible assets into their valua-tion of firms, and this is one reason that the market value of a firm may differ markedly from the value of its tangible assets alone. In particular, stock market valuations of firms have increasingly diverged from their measured book value in the past decade or so.4 Part of the explanation may be the growing use of IT and the associated investments in intangible