Socio-Economic Status and Participation in the Poliomyelitis Vaccine Trial

bombing or other disasters may not have the same effect on communities which differ in their stratification structures. 4. Transportation seems to have been the critical public utility for the morale of civilian populations. Its disruption lowered morale more than interference with the functioning of other utilities. 20 Although not exploited by the Survey, sociologists confronted with this finding would suggest the hypothesis that disruption of transportation and communication facilties prevents urban groups from supporting their members, delays the evaluation and cognition of the disaster, and disrupts such social systems as families with scattered members. 5. . . the evacuation of children, particularly if they were sent long distances from their families, had the most adverse effect on morale. 21 Also under bombardment, casualties in the immediate family were associated with much lower morale than were losses from property alone.22 The study of the effect of bombing upon personal morale of German civilians can be adequately understood only in terms of their identification, involvement with, and participation in various social systems.