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Among 312 Negro males interviewed shortly after the Watts riot, dark Negroes were found to be in lower occupational and income positions than light Negroes, even with education (as a measure of skill) held constant. Thus, skin color per se appears to structure opportunity, irrespective of educational investment (college graduates are an exception to this statement). Further, dark Negroes expressed more “anti-white system” feelings than light Negroes with higher proportions willing to use violence, expressing hostility towards whites, and opposed to integration as a goal. However, color is only a strong predictor of “anti-white system” feelings among working- and lower-class persons, among those with no social contact with whites, and among those who feel powerless to exert control through institutional channels.
H. Edward Ransford (Thu,) studied this question.