Thinking Clearly about Research Risk: Implications of the Work of Benjamin Freedman

ethics as exposure of muddled and wrong-headed concepts, to clear the way for a healthy growth of ideas.l In his twenty-year career in bioethics, he not only cleared the way but also filled the gap in a wide variety of areas in bioethics, including informed consent, substitute decision making, competency, obligations of health professionals, research ethics, and Judaism and bioethics.2 Perhaps best known among these many contributions is Freedman's work on the ethics of