AbstractThe pharmaceutical supply chain (PSC) is a highly complex, regulated, and patient-centric supplychain that is currently undergoing tremendous changes in the Pharma 4.0 era. This paper aims todiscuss and analyze the integration of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI),digital twins, and agentic systems in enhancing supply chain resilience, efficiency, andsustainability. This paper critically discusses various aspects of the PSC, including strategicsourcing, smart manufacturing, cold chain management, inventory management, and last-miledelivery. This paper highlights challenges faced by the PSC, including regulatory complexity,counterfeits, demand variability, API risks, and data fragmentation. AI-assisted demandforecasting, reinforcement learning-based inventory management, and AI-assisted predictive modelling have shown significant promise in enhancing operational accuracy and reducing stock-out risks. Digital twins have emerged as a significant technology in PSC management for simulation, predictive analytics, and disruption management. Moreover, AI-assisted agenticsystems have enabled autonomous decision-making in complex agent networks. Finally,sustainability in PSC management has gained significant importance in recent years, as discussedin the paper. This paper highlights green logistics, circular economy models, and carbon footprintreduction as significant aspects in PSC management. This paper highlights that in the comingyears, PSC will be characterized as a highly integrated concept of innovation, sustainability, andclinical outcome alignment.
Charitha M, Hemanth Kumar S, Gangadharappa H V (Wed,) studied this question.
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