Spatial and Cultural Geography of Indian Festivals: A Review Study

In India, festivals are more than religious or cultural celebrations; they are closely connected to the country’s geographical environment. India’s diverse physical landscape—mountains, plains, coastal areas, and deserts—significantly influences the timing, nature, and practices of festivals. Seasonal cycles, agricultural activities, regional calendars, and climatic conditions shape when and how these festivals are celebrated. Many festivals are linked to natural events such as the monsoon, harvest seasons, and seasonal transitions. From a geographical perspective, festivals reflect the interaction between people and their environment. Harvest festivals such as Makar Sankranti, Pongal, and Baisakhi are closely associated with agricultural cycles and regional climatic conditions. Similarly, communities living near rivers, coasts, and mountains celebrate festivals connected to local ecological traditions. Festivals also play an important socio-economic role by strengthening community bonds, supporting local markets, promoting tourism, and shaping cultural landscapes. Studying festivals from a geographical perspective helps in understanding regional diversity and the strong relationship between culture, environment, and society in India.