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To overcome energy and environmental issues, a transition towards sustainable energy production is necessary, and photo fermentation hydrogen production (PFHP) is a promising route. Incorporating catalysts is an effective method for enhancing green hydrogen production in the (PFHP) process. In the present study, a modified sol-gel method was adopted for the fabrication of a highly efficient Agro-derived Nano-MnFeO 3 -SG catalyst. As a result, SEM-EDX, XRD, XPS, and FTIR techniques confirmed a perovskite cubic structure enriched with Mn, Fe, and OVs, which are crucial for achieving higher catalytic efficiency and improving PFHP. Subsequently, it was incorporated into the PFHP process to maximize the inadequate substrate conversion (SC) and low light energy utilization (LEU). At the optimal concentration of 200 mg/L, the Agro-derived Nano-MnFeO 3 -SG catalyst obtained the highest green hydrogen production of 321.62 mL (69.62 mL/g TS), with a light conversion efficiency (LCE) of 18.29 % and an energy conversion rate (ECR) of 5.6 %, representing significant enhancements of 100.68 %, 107 %, and 49.82 %, respectively, as compared to the control group. Moreover, green hydrogen productivity increased by 46.3 % compared to the control group; nevertheless, the lag phase was decreased by 12 h, thereby facilitating metabolic pathways and promoting butyric acid synthesis, which collectively increased the green hydrogen yield. The environmentally friendly catalyst preparation method and hydrogen production path based on biochemical transformation realize the preparation of green hydrogen, which will provide more powerful support for the green hydrogen industry.
Khan et al. (Mon,) studied this question.