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Frozen and unfrozen soils commonly fail by shear under the influence of concentrated loads. Shear strength of frozen soil depends on several factors including soil type, grain size distribution, density, homogeneity, water and ice content, temperature, mode of freezing, normal stress, and deformation rates. The shear strength of unfrozen soil can be described, using the MohrCoulomb failure theory, by a normal stress on the failure surface and two parameters; an angle of internal friction and cohesion.
Andersland et al. (Wed,) studied this question.