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In the past decade major advances have been achieved in analyzing the stability of dams and embankments during earthquake loading. Newmark (13) and Seed (18) proposed methods of analysis for predicting the permanent displacements of dams subjected to earthquake shaking and suggested this as a criterion of performance as opposed to the concept of a factor of safety based on limit equilibrium principles.
Makdisi et al. (Sat,) studied this question.