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Experimental tests and utilities' practical experience highlighted the importance of chloride‐to‐sulfate mass ratio (CSMR) in the control of lead leaching to potable water. The effect of higher CSMR was demonstrated in bench‐scale experiments using brass coupons and lead solder‐copper pipe joints, with the amount of lead leaching to water increasing by factors of 1.2–2.7 and 2.3–40.0, respectively. Anion exchange treatment, a switch in coagulant type, and other seemingly innocuous treatment steps can result in significant changes in CSMR. Practical data collected at three US utilities confirmed that alterations in CSMR can trigger serious lead contamination incidents.
Edwards et al. (Sun,) studied this question.
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