Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
We consider the Wilson line pseudo Nambu-Goldstone bosons (PNGB) which arises in a U (1) ^N gauge theory, abstracted from a latticized, periodically compactified extra dimension U (1). Planck scale breaking of the PNGB's global symmetry is suppressed, providing natural candidates for the axion and quintessence. We construct an explicit model in which the axion may be viewed as the fifth component of the U (1) ₘ gauge field in a 1+4 latticized periodically compactified extra dimension. We also construct a quintessence PNGB model where the ultralow mass arises from Planck-scale suppressed physics itself.
Hill et al. (Fri,) studied this question.