Luteinization in primates is accompanied by loss of a 43-kilodalton adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate response element-binding protein isoform.

Although granulosa cell differentiation and corpus luteum function are both regulated by cAMP, there are development-dependent differences, particularly at the level of gene expression and cell proliferation, between the responses of follicular granulosa cells and luteal cells to trophic hormone stimulation. In this study, we sought to determine whether these differences could be due to changes in the cellular expression of cAMP response element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB). Immunocytochemical analysis of macaque ovaries revealed a development-related alteration in the subcellular distribution of CREB-immunoreactive material. Immunoreactive CREB was present in nuclei of follicular granulosa cells from maturing follicles, whereas after ovulation and luteinization, no CREB-immunoreactive proteins were visualized in luteal cell nuclei. Anti-CREB immunoblotting of granulosa cell extracts from macaque preovulatory follicles as well as extracts of granulosa cells from luteinizing human follicles revealed a 43-kilodalton (kDa) protein, a size typical of native CREB. In contrast, whole cell extracts of monkey corpora lutea collected during the early, mid-, and late luteal phases completely lacked a 43-kDa CREB signal. The absence of 43-kDa CREB isoforms in corpora lutea was confirmed using three different antisera directed against different regions of CREB. Using a human collagenase gene CRE to probe Southwestern blots, a 43-kDa CREB was observed in follicular cell extracts, whereas no CRE-binding activity was found in corpora lutea extracts using this probe. We also sought to determine whether the loss of expression of the 43-kDa CREB isoform may be functionally correlated with the cessation of cellular proliferation that accompanies luteinization. Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), an obligatory component of DNA polymerase delta, is essential for proliferation and has been shown by others to be CRE dependent. Immunoblotting of follicle cell and luteal cell extracts with an anti-PCNA monoclonal antibody revealed PCNA expression in granulosa cells and no detectable PCNA expression in corpora lutea. These findings indicate that as follicular granulosa cells progress from the proliferative state to terminally differentiated luteal cells, there is a cessation of expression of a 43-kDa member of the CREB family of transcription factors, and there may be an association between the loss of CREB isoforms and cessation of PCNA expression.