Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
Energetic trapped particles are shown to have a destabilizing effect on the internal kink mode in tokamaks. The growth rate is near the ideal magnetohydrodynamic value, but the frequency is comparable to the trapped-particle precession frequency. A model for the instability cycle gives stability properties, associated particle losses, and neutron emissivity consistent with the "fishbone" events observed in poloidal divertor experiments.
Chen et al. (1984) studied this question.