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A cross sectional survey of newly naturalized U.S. citizens, during the month preceding the 1988 U.S. presidential election, uses within-media measures of exposure, attention, and recall to explore the influences of newspapers, television news, and television ads on political knowledge of new voters. Controlling for traditional indicators of immigrant political socialization, each channel made a separate, significant contribution to issue learning. For newspapers and television news, questions about attention were the strongest predictor items. Recall of television ads, a measure designed specifically for this study, had the greatest predictive strength.
Martinelli et al. (Wed,) studied this question.