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A purely covariant approach to general relativity, using the equation of geodesic deviation, is adopted. The physical interpretation is essentially that due to Pirani, but instead of using clouds of particles to analyze the gravitational field, a ``gravitational compass'' is proposed which fulfills the same purpose. Particular attention is focussed on the different roles played by the matter and the free gravitational field. The latter splits up conveniently into a super-position of a transverse wave component, a longitudinal component, and a ``Coulomb'' field, all of which introduce ``shearing'' forces on the gravitational compass, while the matter contributes a general contraction. Applications to the Friedmann cosmological models and the problem of interacting gravitational waves are discussed.
Peter Szekeres (Wed,) studied this question.