Expression of emotional–motivational connotations with a one-word utterance

The expression of "naming," "commanding," "angry," "frightened," "pleading," "astonished," "satisfied," "admiring," "scornful," and "sad" was with the word saara spoken by 12 subjects. Using the same connotations, the 120 utterances were categorized by 73 listeners. Most samples were agreed on by 50%-99% of the judges. Most samples of "astonished," "angry," "frightened," and "commanding" were judged as intended, while "pleading" was often confused with "sad," and "content" with "admiring." Acoustic differences between the categories were examined for F0, duration, and sound pressure; spectral features of aa were visualized with the self-organizing map of Kohonen. Most intraspeaker variation of mean F0, FO range, sound pressure, and duration took place during the aa segment. Peak sound pressure, mean FO, and spectral energy distribution of aa differentiated among "commanding," "angry," "frightened," "naming," and "sad.". Specific intonations of the aa segment were encountered for "astonished," "scornful," and "pleading.". The best-conveyed "admiring" samples were distinguished from "content" by spectral cues for a breathy voice quality.