Site‐specific integration of DNA into wild‐type and mutant lox sites placed in the plant genome

The bacteriophage P1 Cre-lox site-specific recombination system has been used to integrate DNA specifically at lox sites previously placed in the tobacco genome. As integrated molecules flanked by wild-type lox sites can readily excise in the presence of Cre recombinase, screening for mutant lox sites that can resist excisional recombination was performed. In gene integration experiments, wild-type and mutant lox sites were used in conjunction with two strategies for abolishing post-integration Cre activity: (i) promoter displacement of a cre-expression construct present in the target genome; and (ii) transient expression of cre. When the promoter displacement strategy was used, integrant plants were recovered after transformation with constructs containing mutant lox sequences, but not with constructs containing wild-type lox sites. When cre was transiently expressed, integrant plants were obtained after transformation with either mutant or wild-type lox sites. DNA rearrangements at the target locus were less frequent when mutant lox sites were used. DNA integration at the genomic lox site was usually without additional insertions in the genome. Thus, the Cre-lox site-specific recombination system is useful for the single-copy integration of DNA into a chromosomal lox site.