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Seventeen years after the introduction of x-ray digital subtraction angiography (DSA), gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) angiography techniques have become available for the performance of MR-DSA. For the purposes of this article, we will consider this to include two-dimensional and three-dimensional approaches using time-resolved and non-time-resolved applications. Magnetic resonance-DSA is one in a historical progression of techniques which have aimed to produce less invasive forms of angiography. After outlining some historical milestones, several current issues regarding current methods for MR-DSA are discussed.
Mistretta et al. (Tue,) studied this question.