Does the transactional–transformational leadership paradigm transcend organizational and national boundaries?

There is universality in the transactional-transforma-tional eadership aradigm. That is, the same conception of phenomena nd relationships can be observed in a wide range of organizations and cultures. Exceptions can be understood as a consequence of unusual attributes of the organizations or cultures. Three corollaries are discussed. Supportive evidence has been gathered in studies conducted in organizations in business, educa-tion, the military, the government, and the independent sector. Likewise, supportive vidence has been accumu-lated from all but 1 continent to document the applicabil-ity of the paradigm. i lBv idence supporting the transactional-transforma-r tional leadership aradigm has been gathered from all continents except Antarctica--even offshore in