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It is shown that charged particles can be accelerated to high energies in astrophysical shock fronts. Fast particles are prevented from streaming away upstream of a shock front by scattering off Alfvén waves which they themselves generate. This scattering confines the particles to the region around the shock and results in first-order Fermi acceleration due to the particles crossing the shock many times. The consequent energy spectrum is a power law with an index close to that observed for galactic cosmic rays. The discussion relates to particles which are already relativistic, and their initial acceleration from thermal energies is not considered.
A. R. Bell (Wed,) studied this question.