Sensory feedback mechanisms in performance control: With special reference to the ideo-motor mechanism.

Four interpretations of the manner in which sensory feedback may be in-volved in regulation of skilled performance are reviewed. For the serial chaining (SC) and closed-loop (CL) mechanisms, response selection is assumed to occur on the basis of peripheral feedback from preceding correct and incorrect responses, respectively; for the ideo-motor (IM) and fractional anticipatory goal response (ro-so) mechanisms, it is assumed that a re-sponses performance is directed by anticipatory representation of its own feedback or of feedback from the reaction to a goal to which the response leads, respectively. Among the conclusions of the review are (a) evidence for re-so as a mechanism for specific response selection, as opposed to gen-eralized facilitation or inhibition of instrumental performance, is lacking; (b) the notion of a mechanism for comparison of actual feedback with images of desired feedback is not essential for explaining error-correction perform-ance which is characteristic of CL; (c) despite severe criticism by twentieth century behaviorists, the limited available evidence is quite supportive of a contemporary version of IM; and (d) IM, SC, and CL can be regarded as serving complementary performance control functions-selection or quot;pro-graming quot; of voluntary performance (IM), coordination of action within invariant sequential performances (SC), and coordination of action within sequential performances requiring correction responses to error stimuli (CL). Analyses of the acquisition of skilled vol-untary performance have frequently been formulated in terms of a transfer of perform-ance control from situational stimuli to re-sponse feedback stimuli-that is, to intero-ceptive or exteroceptive stimuli produced by the learners own behavior. This paper re-views four conceptions of the nature of sen-sory feedback mechanisms mediating volun-tary performance, including serial chaining,