Intra-abdominal Adiposity and Individual Components of the Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescence

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between intra-abdominal adiposity and individual components of the metabolic syndrome (MS) in adolescent males and females. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of a population-based cohort. SETTING: Saguenay Youth Study, Quebec, Canada. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 324 adolescents, aged 12 to 18 years. INTERVENTION: Measures were compared between males and females with "high" or "low" intra-abdominal fat (IAF). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intra-abdominal fat was quantified with magnetic resonance imaging. Primary outcome measures were blood pressure (BP) and fasting serum glucose, insulin, lipids, and C-reactive protein levels. Secondary mechanistic measures were cardiovascular variability indexes of autonomic nervous system function, pubertal development, and serum levels of cortisol, leptin, and sex hormones. RESULTS: The MS was completely absent in adolescents with low IAF and was present in 13.8% of males and 8.3% of females with high IAF. Excess IAF was associated with a higher homeostasis model assessment index (0.5 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.3 to 0.8; P < .001) and triglycerides level (17.7 mg/dL to convert to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0113 95% CI, 9.7 to 25.7 mg/dL; P < .001), lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (-3.9 mg/dL to convert to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259 95% CI, -6.2 to -1.5 mg/dL; P = .003), and higher C-reactive protein level (0.03 mg/L to convert to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 9.524 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.05 mg/L; P = .003). High IAF was associated with elevations of BP and sympathetic activity in males only (higher systolic BP, 6 mm Hg 95% CI, 1 to 11 mm Hg; P = .02 and low-frequency power of diastolic BP, 629 mm Hg2 95% CI, 37 to 1222 mm Hg2; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that, already in adolescence, accumulation of IAF may promote development of the MS, affecting the metabolic and inflammatory components similarly in both sexes but influencing BP adversely only in males. The latter may be attributed, in part, to the augmentation of sympathetic activity also seen only in males.