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Two groups of undergraduates (n = 14 in each) matched for level of trait anxiety participated in the experiment. One group (E) was presented with 20 'emotional' words 10 per cent below detection threshold while the other group (N) was presented with 20 emotionally neutral words under the same conditions. Ratings of seven psychological variables were taken before and after stimulation and two psychophysiological measures, heart and respiration rate, were also taken. MANOVA and subsequent ANOVA analyses showed ratings of sweating and anxiety increased in the E group and decreased in the N group following stimulation. Ratings of shaking and muscular tension increased significantly in both groups but the increase was significantly greater in the E group. Ratings of palpitations and difficulty in breathing increased significantly in both groups as did measures of actual heart and respiration rate, but these increases appeared to be an artifact of task demands. It is concluded that manifest anxiety and some features of anxiety having somatic referents can be induced by subliminal experience of mild stress.
Kemp-Wheeler et al. (Sat,) studied this question.