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Modem science has been built on a Cartesian or Newtonian (mechanical) world view giving rise to an artifactual view of mind and suggesting that particles (learners) are continuously working to destroy order (are recalcitrant), which can only be main-tained by an external artificer (the teacher). At the core of the Cartesian worldview is the absolute separation of mind and matter. Beginning with the separation of mind and body, Cartesianism is grounded in a set of dualisms that separate individual from environment and leads to the belief that knowledge refers to a self-sumcient immate-rial substance that can be understood independently from the individual, environ-Corres~ondence and reauests for reorints should be sent to Sasha A. Barab, School of Education, In-
Barab et al. (Thu,) studied this question.