Central Asian Attitudes to Internet Governance and Cybersecurity

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. For the purposes of this article Central Asia is defined as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan. 2. "Asia Internet Use, Population Data and Facebook Statistics," Internet World Stats, December 31, 2011, , last accessed August 26, 2012. 3. "Internet in Central Asia: Communication Tool or Luxury?," Fergana.News Information Agency, March 7, 2003, , last accessed August 27, 2012. 4. Internet trolls are people who provoke emotional and angry exchanges, persecute other users, or pose as other people on the Internet. 5. "The Concept of Information Security of the Republic of Tajikistan," National Association of Independent Media of Tajikistan, November 7, 2003, , last accessed August 26, 2012. 6. "Media Legislation in Central Asia (Tajikistan)," Law and Media in Central Asia, April 10, 2011, , last accessed August 26, 2012. 7. "History of the Printed Media of Tajikistan: from Dependent to 'Independent'," Sto Storon, November 17, 2011, , last accessed August 27, 2012. 8. "Tajikistan left without Facebook," Internet-Technologies, March 5, 2012, , last accessed August 26, 2012. 9. "Tajikistan blocks Facebook and Other Undesirable Websites," BBC Russian Service, March 5, 2012, , last accessed August 26, 2012. 10. "Concept of Information Security of the Republic of Kazakhstan," Law and Media in Central Asia, April 5, 2007, , last accessed August 26, 2012. 11. For more details, see: "Media Legislation in Central Asia (Kazakhstan)," Law and Media in Central Asia, November 23, 2010, , last accessed August 26, 2012. 12. See: "Concept of Information Security of the Republic of Kazakhstan," Law and Media in Central Asia, April 5, 2007, , last accessed August 26, 2012. See also: "On the Concept of the Formation and Development of a Universal Information Space of the Kazakh Segment of the Internet for 2008–2012," Law and Media in Central Asia, , last accessed August 26, 2012. 13. Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan of November 14, 2011, No 174 "On the Concept of Information Security of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2016," Nomad, December 6, 2011, , last accessed August 27, 2012. 14. "Concept of the Formation and Development of a Universal Information Space of the Kazakh Segment of the Internet (Kaznet) for 2008–2012," Kazakh.ru International Kazakh Server, May 12, 2008, , last accessed August 27, 2012. 15. Administrator: organization which administers the KZ domain under an agreement with the authorized body and the international organization ICANN. It maintains the register of KZ domain names on the Internet. Registrar: a legal entity, a resident of the Republic of Kazakhstan, accredited by the administrator of the KZ domain name. It provides services to registrants who wish to register a domain name in the KZ segment. It enters all the required information in accordance with an agreement signed between the administrator and the registrar. Registrant: an individual or legal entity which submits to the registrar a request and all the necessary documents to register (prolong, change, transfer, or cancel) a domain name, which owns that name for the duration of the registration period, and has the associated rights and responsibilities. For more details, see: "Procedure of the Implementation of the .KZ Domain," Kazakh Center of Network Information, January 30, 2012, , last accessed August 27, 2012. 16. "KZ Domain Zone and Registration of KZ Domains," General-Domain.Ru domain name registration service, , last accessed August 27, 2012. 17. "Concept of the Formation and Development of a Universal Information Space of the Kazakh Segment of the Internet (Kaznet) for 2008–2012," Kazakh.ru international Kazakh server, May 12, 2008, , last accessed August 27, 2012. 18. "TNS Central Asia measures the Kazakh Media Market: Russian Radio in the Lead," Radio Portal, June 10, 2010, , last accessed August 27, 2012. 19. "Kazakh Prime Minister promises to investigate Live Journal," Balt.Info Information Agency, August 20, 2011, , last accessed August 26, 2012. 20. I.A. Karimov, "Concept of Further Deepening of Democratic Reforms and the Formation of Civil Society in the Country," Uzbek Agency of Information and Communications, November 13, 2010, , last accessed August 27, 2012. 21. "Concept of the Development of Informatization of the Republic of Uzbekistan," Law and Media in Central Asia, , last accessed August 27, 2012. 22. "Report on the State of Media Legislation in the Republic of Uzbekistan," Law and Media in Central Asia, April 13, 2008, , last accessed August 26, 2012. 23. "Economic Basis of the Operation of Media Outlets," Law and Media in Central Asia, May 15, 2011, , last accessed August 26, 2012. 24. For details, see: Law of Uzbekistan "On Guarantees and Freedom of Access to Information," of April 24, 1997. No 400-I. Vedomosti Oliy Mazhlisa Respibliki Uzbekistan (Tashkent), 2001, Nos 1–2, p. 23; Law of Uzbekistan "On the Protection of State Secrets," of May 7, 1993, Vedomosti Verkhovnogo Soveta Respubliki Uzbekistan (Tashkent), 1993. No 5, p. 232; Law of Uzbekistan "On Advertising," of December 25, 1998. No. 723-I, Laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Tashkent), 2010, No. 38, p. 317; Law of Uzbekistan "On Mass Media," of December 26, 1997, No. 541-I (edition of the law of January 15, 2007—No ZRUz-78), Laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Tashkent), 2007, No. 3,p. 20; Law of Uzbekistan "On Copyright and Related Rights," of July 20, 2006, No. ZRU-42, Laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Tashkent), 2006, Nos 28–29, p. 260; Law of Uzbekistan "On Informatization," of December 11, 2003, Vedomosti Oliy Mazhlisa Respubliki Uzbekistan (Tashkent), 2004, Nos 1–2, p. 10. 25. "The UZ Domain is 16 Years Old," Gazeta.uz, May 1, 2011, , last accessed August 27, 2012. 26. More than 80% of Internet-connected households and 40% of businesses use dial-up connections; xDSL is used by 7% of households and 36% of businesses. 27. "UZ is 16 Years Old," Info.nic.ru, May 5, 2011, , last accessed August 27, 2012. 28. "UZ Zone has 14,000 Registered Domains," Gazeta.uz, March 27, 2012, , last accessed August 27, 2012. 29. Registration of domain names with the purpose of selling them on at a higher price is allowed, and is not subject to any regulation, in many jurisdictions, including Russia. 30. "The UZ Domain is 16 Years Old," Gazeta.uz, May 1, 2011, , last accessed August 27, 2012. 31. "Government adopts IT Development Program for 2012–2014," Gazeta.uz, March 28, 2012. http://www.gazeta.uz/2012/03/28/ict/>, last accessed August 27, 2012. 32. S. Ismoilov, "Egyptian Syndrome in Uzbekistan," Human Rights Society of Uzbekistan, February 22, 2011, , last accessed August 27, 2012. 33. Yetar! (Enough!) is a youth movement set up by Uzbek citizens in 2005. The organization is active mainly on the Internet. Yetar! is the name and the slogan of the youth movement, which says that it consists mainly of 25- to 30-year-old Uzbek citizens. Their goal is peaceful removal from power of President Islam Karimov, who they argue has already served his maximum two terms of office allowed by the constitution. They say Karimov should have stepped down in 2007, and that he is now occupying the position of the president in breach of the law. 34. "People want to say Yetar! to Islam Karimov," Uznews.net Independent Information Service of Uzbekistan, April 11, 2011, , last accessed August 27, 2012. 35. Trolling—posting provocative messages on discussion boards in order to trigger a conflict, an exchange of insults, etc. 36. "Media Legislation of Kyrgyzstan," Law and Media in Central Asia, January 6, 2011, , last accessed August 26, 2012. 37. "Number of Mobile Subscribers in Kyrgyzstan is 98 Percent of the Population," Zhenmin Zhibao online, June 2, 2011, , last accessed August 27, 2012. 38. "Temir Sariev explains why Kyrgyztelekom has been put up for Sale," K-news, March 27, 2012, , last accessed August 26, 2012. 39. "Procedure for Registration in the .KG Domain," Kyrgyzstan Domain Registration Service, December 2, 2010, , last accessed August 26, 2012. 40. "Kyrgyz President takes Offence?," Host: On Hosting and Domains, April 14, 2009, , last accessed August 27, 2012. 41. "Media Legislation in Central Asia (Turkmenistan)," Law and Media in Central Asia, January 6, 2011, , last accessed August 27, 2012. 42. "Turkmen Media Legislation," Law and Media in Central Asia, January 6, 2011, , last accessed August 27, 2012. 43. "Turkmenistan," Info.nic.ru, May 5, 2011, , last accessed August 27, 2012. 44. "Free Registration offered in Turkmenistan's National Domain," Info.nic.ru, March 14, 2003, , last accessed August 27, 2012. 45. "Internet in a Country of the Absurd: Turkmenistan," Helsinki Foundation, December 12, 2008, , last accessed August 27, 2012. 46. "Turkmenistan: Enemy of the Internet," Reporters without Borders for Press Freedom, April 4, 2011, , last accessed August 27, 2012. 47. "Yekaterinburg Declaration of the SCO Heads of State," President of the Russian Federation (Official Website), 2009, June 16, , last accessed August 26, 2012. 48. "Declaration of the 9th Session of the Council of Heads of State of the SCO," SCO Information Portal, June 11, 2010, , last accessed August 26, 2012. 49. "Civilizational Ideology for the SCO: Informational Civilization," XXI Century, , last accessed August 26, 2012. 50. Letter of September 12, 2011 by permanent representatives of China, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan at the UN to the Secretary-General, A/66.359, General Assembly, United Nations, October 14, 2011, , last accessed August 26, 2012. 51. For more details about the proposed Code of Conduct in the area of provision of international information security, see: Oleg Demidov, "International Regulation of Information Security and Russia's National Interests," Security Index, No. 4 (101), Fall 2012, pp. 15–32. 52. Decision of the Collective Security Council of the CSTO "On a Program of Joint Action to form the System," September 5, 2008, , last accessed August 26, 2012. 53. PROKSI is an abbreviation, in Russian, of "Countering Crime in the IT Sector." The operation is part of a program to create a system of information security for CSTO member states. 54. "CSTO Launches Operation against Cybercrime," RIA Novosti, March 18, 2010, , last accessed August 26, 2012. 55. "Heads of the UN and the CSTO to sign a Statement on Cooperation on Thursday," RIA Novosti, March 18, 2010, , last accessed August 26, 2012).